ac. Introduction. ; 2 Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian. albicans is strain dependent and is associated with biofilm heterogeneity. 892 Abstract Children have oral mucosal conditions and other head and neck medical problems which have both similarities and differences to those found in adults. Monday to Friday 9. The natural reservoir for H. This committed group grew into the British Paedodontic Society in 1968 which in turn became the British Society of Paediatric Dentistry (BSPD). treatment planning plan and british dental journal1 Department of Adult Dental Care, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, Scotland, UK. S Letters. 10. Book Your Consultation We offer a wide range of appointment times to suit you, including Saturdays and late nights on Tuesday and Wednesday. 5-13. uk; PMID: 15716881 DOI: 10. The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the movement of this. uk Abstract Background There is limited evidence on the health needs and service access among children and young people who are looked after. d. Scully a-*, P. Electronic address: kurt. Samaranayake, Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, Scotland inflammatory and antimicrobial properties (Hunter, 1978; Kotokoa et al. Senior Lecturer in Oral Microbiology, University of Glasgow Dental. The survey was conducted according to the previously described method. bdj. As a patient or visitor, you’ll find links to all the information you need about visiting, our services, directions and contact details for our sites. Smith. Glasgow Dental Hospital and School. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to significant changes in the provision of dental services, aimed at reducing the spread of respiratory pathogens through restrictions on aerosol generating procedures (AGPs). In recent years, there. Results. 1 Department of Adult Dental Care, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 [email protected]. J. It has a range of clinical phenotypes, and children and young people often present with challenging oral health needs. nhs. Latest inspection report; This hospital has not yet been inspected: Previous inspection reports-Share this content. This current study aimed to evaluate the anti-biofilm. 6 Genomic Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on. K. 9. Search for more papers by this author. Implant Dentistry: Fall 1997 - Volume 6 - Issue 3 - p 229 FreeAffiliations 1 Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK. Glasgow Royal Infirmary. M. 2 Glasgow Dental Hospital & School, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK; Medical Device Unit, Department of Clinical Physics and Bioengineering, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, 1055 Great Western Rd, Glasgow G12 0XH, UK. 30. 9, C02-C06 excluding C2. In the last decade, almost 400 manuscripts have contributed to our understanding of this pathogenic yeast. T W MacFarlane. Scrapings from the tongue dorsum were obtained for 12. The Golgi targeting and retention signal has previously been shown to reside within the Gn protein. 32–1. occludes anterior to the cingulum. IQCODE has been used for retrospective or contemporaneous assessment of. ac. D. Orthodontic Department, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK. uk. Intended for healthcare professionalsCorrespondence: Dr. Consultant in Restorative Dentistry, Department of Periodontology. Programs developed in BASIC for the Apple II permit the presentation of orthodontic case histories in an interactive way. David I. This pathway is mediated by the vagus nerve which releases acetylcholine to interact with the α7 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) on proximate immuno-regulatory cells. Glasgow, G2 3JZ; 5Professor of Clinical Neurology, National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road,extended_data_file_2. Dr. 44; 95 % CI 1. Surgery alone may be treatment for early‐stage disease or surgery may be used in combination with radiotherapy, chemotherapy. S. H. Glasgow Dental Hospital and School. Swab samples were obtained from 123 participants wearing either a complete or partial denture; the bacterial composition of each sample was determined using bar-coded illumina MiSeq sequencing of the bacterial hypervariable V4. F. The membrane glycoproteins (Gn and Gc) of Bunyamwera virus (BUN; family Bunyaviridae) accumulate in the Golgi complex, where virion maturation occurs. PMID: 26133282 DOI: 10. [email protected] Metrics and citations Metrics. It must be planned in light of the remaining teeth, and the need for. The purpose of the obturation. We identified 101 articles related the broad application of virtual reality in oral & maxillofacial surgery. Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, University of Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378 Sauchiehall St. prevotii (RsaI); 4, P. albicans high biofilm formers (HBF) or low biofilm formers (LBF) were treated with DNase to find whether eDNA play a role in their biofilm. GnichProfessor of Paediatric Dentistry, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 376 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ. The concept of oral candidosis as a mixed candidal-bacterial biofilm infection has changed our understanding of its epidemiology and diagnosis as well as approach to its treatment. Added on 06/02/2023 by Joyce Heeps Homes, East Kilbride. Surgery alone may be treatment for early‐stage disease or surgery may be used in combination with radiotherapy,. ; 2 Institute of Healthcare Policy and Practice, School of Health, Nursing, and Midwifery, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK. In order to determine local IgG and IgA production,. A. Denture microbiology has historically focused on the role of the fungi Candida albicans and other members of the genus. Search Google Scholar for this author, J. Leigh Deas, Public Dental Service, NHS Lanarkshire, Glasgow Dental Hospital, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK. Affiliations 1 Department of Restorative Dentistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378, Sauchiehall street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ. P. M. An in vitro multi-species biofilm containing S. Two percent agarose gel electrophoresis of restriction fragments obtained by digestion of 16S rRNA gene products of seven selected Peptostreptococcus clinical isolates with the restriction enzymes RsaI, CfoI, and HinfI. Materials and methods A total of 179. David F. Smith Oral Sciences Unit Glasgow Dental Hospital 378 Sauchiehall Street Glasgow G2 3JZ UK Fax: 0141-331 2798 e-mail: a. gla. 2. ramage@glasgow. We observed increased lung cancer risk estimates for men with medium (OR = 1. auris has spread rapidly throughout healthcare environments, displaying worrying characteristics such as multi-drug resistance and the ability to survive on surfaces for at least 2 weeks []. 2 School of Dentistry, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece. Alternatively, First Greater Glasgow operates a bus from Renfield Street to War Memorial hourly, and the journey. 1 Infection and Immunity Research Group, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Dental School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK. LYONS. Kinane, Unit of Periodontology, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK. ac. 0 Background and MethodologyGlasgow, G2 3JZ; 2Professor of Restorative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dubai School of Dental Medicine, Dubai Healthcare City, POW. Tel: 0141 211 9741. 2 1. PMID: 12196 Authors. Affiliations 1 Institution: University of Glasgow Dental Hospital & School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK. Predicting their occurrence is a challenge; Malawi’s groundwater data archive is sporadic and incomplete which prevents the application of standard modelling techniques. Monday to Friday 9. J A Beeley. The atypical HinfI restriction. University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, U. Opening hours: 8. lappin@glasgow. G2 3JZ 0141 223 1686 Business hours This page was last updated on: 09. T. Lecturer in Oral Microbiology, Infection Research Group, Glasgow Dental Hospital & School. gingivalis and A. Research Fellow and Childsmile Evaluation Team Manager, University of Glasgow Medical Faculty, Glasgow Dental School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, W. Resistance of Candida species to conventional therapies has motivated the development of antifungal nanocarriers based on iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) coated with chitosan (CS). Methods: We included all diagnosed cases of OCC (C00. K. Detection of Treponema denticola in root canal systems in primary and secondary endodontic infections. uk Search for more papers by this authorConsultant/Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer in Restorative Dentistry, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, United Kingdom Lorna K. Dental School Oral Biochemistry Unit, Oral Biology Group, University of Glasgow. G2 3JZ Tel: 0141 211 9733 E-mail: andrea. Kickstart your weight-loss journey today by attending Workshops led by expert WeightWatchers coaches. Most medical and many other. Saunders, Department of Adult Dental Care, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, ScotlandSearch for more papers by this author. 23; 95 % CI 1. Address: University of Glasgow Dental School. 1 , 2 The risk profile of head and neck cancer (HNC) is. Aim: To examine current incidence trends (1975-2012) of oral cavity (OCC), oropharyngeal (OPC) and laryngeal cancer in Scotland by socioeconomic status (SES). Night tariff: From 0:00 to 6:00. Student life. Problem with your appointment? Please contact 0141 211 9647 or 0141 211 9646 . Arts center Photo: Sam Saunders, CC BY-SA 2. Journals metrics. . uk. 5 University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK. Macfarlane & D. NHS Education for Scotland, 2nd Floor, Hanover Buildings, 66 Rose Street, Edinburgh, EH2 2NN. Overall, sold prices in SW2 3JZ over the last year were 7% up on the previous year. Phone: +44 141 211 4000. [email protected]/sj. shaw@dental. Unethical aspects of . ac. uk. Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. actinomycetemcomitans was created to represent a disease-associated biofilm and the oral epithelial cell in OKF6-TERT2. The effect of artificial saliva on the static and kinetic frictional forces of stainless steel (Dentaurum ®) and polycrystalline ceramic (Transcend ®) brackets in combination with 0·018-inch round and 0·019 × 0·025-inch Edgewise archwire sizes and stainless steel, nickel-titanium and beta-titanium archwire materials, under a constant. Inspection reports. Honorary Clinical Teacher in Restorative Dentistry, University of Glasgow Dental School and Hospital, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ. ; 2 Department of Public Health, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378, Sauchiehall street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ. Glasgow Dental School, Institute of Infection and Immunity, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK Article Metrics Objectives The composition of dental plaque has been well defined, whereas currently there is limited understanding of the composition of denture plaque and how it directly influences denture related stomatitis (DS). DISCY. This study evaluates the effects of IONPs-CS as carriers of miconazole (MCZ) or fluconazole (FLZ) on microcosm biofilms. Dental School Oral Biochemistry Unit, Oral Biology Group, University of Glasgow. This is a non-steroidal drug that reportedly possesses topical analgesic, anaesthetic, anti- Correspondence to: Dr L. anaerobius (RsaI); 7, P. O'Donnell, B. PMID: 22777144 PMCID: PMC3786254 DOI: 10. Jamie Dickie. gla. W. fortuna@gmail. 66 million in 1990 to 6. One group had been considered suitable for orthodontic correction by the diagnosing clinician and the other offered orthognathic surgery. A series of truncated Gn and glycoprotein precursor cDNAs were constructed by. M. uk For all other enquiries for the University of Glasgow Dental School: Phone: 0141 211 9701. Clinical Senior Lecturer in Dental Public Health, University of Glasgow Medical Faculty, Glasgow Dental School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, D. Department of Oral Sciences, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378 Sauchiehall Street Glasgow G2 3JZ, U. Consultant in Restorative Dentistry, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK. lorna. 2004 Dec 11;197 (11):667-72. It relates mainly to aspects of diagnosis and treatment planning and is considered highly authentic and useful. 5%. 6 Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratory, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, G2 6QE, UK. 1978; Gest 2004; Donlan and Costerton 2002). ; 3 Department of. Surgery is less frequently used in oropharyngeal cancer. M. 4811946 Abstract Root canal treatment for children has particular difficulties and considerations. Dental@nes. McColl. 02 GDEC, Glasgow378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow. Bradley. nhs. Clinical, pathological and immunological aspects of periodontal disease. The patients had received. Department of Oral Sciences, University of Glasgow Dental School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, G2 3JZ, Glasgow, UK. 1099/0022-1317-51-12-1097. ; 2 Department of Oral Medicine, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK. mcmahon{at}glasgow. View all articles by this author. ac. Tobacco use (various forms), betel quid/areca nut use, alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are globally recognized risk. 2002 Dec;51 (12):1097-1101. b Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK Abstract Periodontitis (PD) is a chronic infectious disease mediated by bacteria in the oral cavity. Class III incisor relationship exists. These included the following: Eight systematic reviews, 4 expert reviews, 9 case reports, 5 retrospective surveys, 2 historical perspectives, 13 manuscripts on virtual education and training, 5 on haptic technology, 4 on. Correspondence to Dr Alex D McMahon, Community Oral Health, University of Glasgow Dental School, Level 8, Dental Hospital, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK; alex. 1 These patients are referred to specialist HNC multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) for investigations and treatment, which may include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy in various combinations. Notes. Call 111. ac. Department Opening Hours. Services are operated by McGills Bus Service. Virtual reality has improved students’ knowledge and proved to be effective in teaching clinical reasoning and patient evaluation []. uk Study Statistician Dr Andrea Sherriff Senior Lecturer in Statistics Level 9, University of Glasgow Dental School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow. The aim of this. Contact: [email protected], 15 ml of mid-log-phase culture was. Glasgow, G2 3JZ *Correspondence to: Christine Harris Email: c. One group had been considered suitable for. I. ac. Emond c, P. A. d. UK. Search for more papers by this authorMethods. email dental-enquiries@glasgow. Open today 06:00 - 00:00. School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK Alicia Ware Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK Oral Biology Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, Scotland, UK View all articles by this author [email protected] Dr. 06 £. Start today. Fungi Journal of Review Candida auris: A Decade of Understanding of an Enigmatic Pathogenic Yeast Ryan Kean 1, Jason Brown 2, Dolunay Gulmez 2,3, Alicia Ware 1 and Gordon Ramage 2,* 1 Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK;. G2 3JZ. Search for more papers by this authorRemote Home, HOME (England & Wales), GB, Remote Hom Nov 4, 2023 Data Centre Services Engineer ApprenticeP. Department of Orthodontics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, Scotland, UK. Short courses. Address. Professor of Dental Public Health, Community Oral Health, Level 8, University of Glasgow Dental School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, L. ; 2 Glasgow Biofilm Research Network, United Kingdom. Licensed taxi operators are bound by these transport fees for rides in the core area of glasgow. 00pm-10pm for all emergency dental patients. The variability in tooth morphology is an important factor in achieving an aesthetic, functional, and stable Class I incisor relationship with orthodontic treatment. uk. Invasive systemic forms of the disease affect at-risk patients and can lead to mortality rates as high as 63% in some instances []. No external funding, apart from the support of the authors' institution, was available for this study. Electronic address: m. Central Decontamination Unit Cowlairs Industrial Estate 24 Finlas Street, Glasgow, G22 5DT,. 5 Infection and Immunity Research Group, Dental School, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK. Background: Case presentation assessment is common in both medicine and dentistry and is known under various names depending on the country and institution. 30am-5. Glasgow Dental Hospital & School. nhs. 12. Fax: 0141 353 1593. A. Dr. Glasgow G2 3JZ. Search for more papers by this author First published: July 19913 Glasgow Biofilm Research Network, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK; Ryan. K. K. ; 2 GlaxoSmithKline, St Georges Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey, United Kingdom. V. david. Clinicu Chimica Acta, 113 (1981) 281-291 Elsevier/North-Holland Biomical Press CCA 1789 281 Serum a-amylase isozymes m mumps: estimation of salivary and pancreatic isozymes by isoelectric focusing C. If you wish, you can also view information for the whole of G2 here. Department of Clinical Physics and Bio-Engineering, West of Scotland Health Boards, 22 Western Court, 100 University Place, G12 8SQ, Glasgow, UK. K. aureus. Senior Lecturer in Oral Radiology, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ. Email: giulio. The most significant differences between the groups were in angle ANB, M/M ratio (P < 0. Our strongest support system for weight loss that works. 2017. View all articles by this author. 4), OPC (C01, C2. SmithThe humoral immune response, especially the production of IgG and IgA, is considered to have a protective role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, but the precise mechanisms are still unknown. Search for more papers by this author. b Department of Oral Sciences, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, U. K. Although adjustment for smoking and education reduced the. Funds were made available for the purchase of consumables and support the. Affiliations 1 Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow,. Department of Prosthodontics, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, Glasgow. G2 3JZ. Anaerobic bacteria were. A. Ross AuthorsGlasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. 1038/sj. In the EU alone the proportion of the population who are 65 years and. Or ganizing hematoma . J. [email protected] (C. 1 The morphology of the permanent maxillary central incisors has been investigated in different malocclusion groups. Department Location. Conclusions. TheIntroduction: In the European Union, there are 180,000 new cases of upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancer cases per year--more than half of whom will die of the disease. 2 million people and have over 40,000 staff. S. 15pm Monday to Friday for patients who are not registered at a dentist and need emergency treatment, and between 7. Ten Have, M. Correspondence: Gordon Ramage, Glasgow Medical Mycology Group, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK. 1099/jmm. Surgery is less frequently used in oropharyngeal cancer. 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ. 4, C09-C10, C14) and laryngeal cancer (C32) on the Scottish Cancer Registry (1975. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report has been produced under a contract placed by the Food Standards Agency. The term oral cancer broadly includes oral cavity (mouth) and oropharyngeal (throat) cancers, and consensus on the definition is emerging []. Josie A. 2 Oral Healthcare R&D, GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Weybridge KT13 0DE, UK. carrotte@dental. The University of Glasgow is a registered Scottish charity: Registration Number SC004401. F. Background. An epidemiological investigation involving 765 Glasgow schoolchildren aged nine, twelve, and fifteen years was undertaken to assess the severity of malocclusion, the need for Orthodontic treatment, and the proportion of children in each age group who had previously received treatment. Jamie Dickie. There are around. doi: 10. gla. The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses that the extracellular DNA release by C. uk. Therefore, a dual-species biofilm model containing C. Activation of the α7nAChR on these. gla. A. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Professor Gordon Ramage, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK. 21 The study population comprised all general dental practitioners in Scotland with a National Health. Acta Odontol Scand2001 Jun;59 (3):154-60. The high risk approach aims to prioritise interventions to those identified (often through. Go to: 1. asaccharolyticus (RsaI); 8, P. VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICS. M. uk. This novel data linkage demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring population-based health outcomes of school-aged looked after and non-looked after children using linked routine administrative data. magnus (RsaI); 6, [email protected] Abstract: Background: Case presentation assessment is common in both medicine and dentistryDean, Dental Hospital and School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, 378 Sauchiehall Street. This is a report of a clinical trial, comparing an experimental glass ionomer luting cement with a zinc phosphate cement for securing orthodontic hands. Scottish Health Technologies Group; Community Engagement; iHub; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; Scottish Medicines Consortium;Affiliations 1 Consultant/Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer in Restorative Dentistry, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, United Kingdom. 00 £. PMID: 27080859 PMCID: PMC4832512 DOI: 10. Glasgow G2 3JZ Email: andrew. Department of Restorative Dentistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378, Sauchiehall street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ. Combined Brushing with Daily Denture Cleansing Reduces Biofilm Bioburden. ; 2 School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK. 028852 Abstract This paper re-evaluates euthanasia and assisted suicide from the perspective of eudaimonia, the ancient Greek conception of happiness across one's whole life. Phone: +44 141 211 4000. E. 57). McCaulSenior Clinical Lecturer/Honorary Consultant in Oral Surgery, Department of Oral Surgery, Glasgow University Dental School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK Christine Goodall Authors1. Conway Authors 1 Consultant/Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer in Restorative Dentistry, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, United Kingdom. Address: 1345 Govan Rd, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom. Periodontology Department, University of Glasgow Dental School, Scotland, UK. 1038/sj. 1. , Glasgow G2 3JZ, Scotland 2 Dr. K. 3 Importance1 2 Fungal infections are becoming increasingly recognised as a substantial health 3 burden on the global population. Consultant in Oral Medicine, Glasgow Dental Hospital, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ. Conflict of interests and source of funding statement: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests. ›. Douglas Robertson. With dynamic epidemiology, elevated resistance levels and an. During an infection, this protection is mainly against cells. Consultant in Restorative Dentistry, Department of Periodontology. 13-1. Dental plaque of humans provided the first biofilm microorganisms studied and were described in the seventeenth century by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) as ‘animalcules’ living within his own dental plaque (Costerton et al. 3 Royal Hospital for Sick Children, 9 Sciennes Road, Edinburgh, EH9 1LF, Edinburgh, UK. Material and methods This cross-sectional multicenter study is based on data of patients referred to five oral medicine outpatient practices in.